Lawyer's Blogs

As a foreign citizen working in Romania or planning to start a business there, it is important to understand the concept of tax residency and its impact on your income. Tax residency refers to the place where taxation takes place, depending on the physical region in which the income is generated. If you plan on doing any income-generating activity in Romania for more than 183 days a year, you should consider declaring your tax residency. After this period, you must declare the income earned in Romania and pay the relevant taxes. To determine your tax residency status in Romania, you can obtain a tax residency certificate issued by the Romanian tax authority (ANAF). This certificate certifies the fiscal residency of an individual or company in a particular country. Any entity that is engaged in economic activity in Romania for more than 183 days must obtain this certificate in order to avoid double taxation. With this certificate, you can avoid double taxation of your income, as many countries have concluded double tax treaties with Romania. If you are outside Romania for more than 183 days a year, you must fill out a form to establish tax residency (as an individual) when...

Digital banks (other names: neobanks, payment systems) have become significant players in the world of financial services in recent years, and in many respects even confidently pushed conservative banks. This became possible due to the fact that digital banks open accounts faster, do not need to immerse themselves in bureaucratic procedures, are quite client-oriented and, in addition, make payments quickly and at fairly low rates compared to banks. Digital banks have become a powerful tool for international business and it is now rare to find a company operating in the global market with a single account in a traditional bank. Often corporate clients have a set of accounts in a bank and a payment system, or several accounts in different non-banks. But, sometimes in payment systems, client accounts are blocked / limited, and sometimes they are completely closed. In contrast to the limitation of the account, the closure is a non-returnable event and is the termination of the client's cooperation with the financial institution. Why this happens and how to avoid it for the client - these are the questions we will consider with you in our article. Suspicious operations and...

For the first time, the issue of compensation for damages to individuals and legal entities arose back in 2014, after the annexation of the Crimean Autonomous Republic of Crimea and parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions by the Russian Federation. Today, the topic of receiving compensation or compensation for individuals or legal entities as a result of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine is the most urgent. Only after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the state adopted a number of legal acts that provide a mechanism for compensation and compensation. In turn, the Supreme Court gave the green light to Ukrainian courts to consider cases of compensation for property (moral) damage in which the Russian Federation is the defendant (the Supreme Court stated that the aggressor state cannot be covered by judicial immunity in view of the damage caused). Also, let's talk further about the procedure for recording and compensating damages caused to legal entities by the Russian Federation. Algorithm for recording damages caused to legal entities: 1) In the event of an active...

The US corporate tax system is very complex, so the taxation of a US company depends on many factors that cannot be covered in one blog. Therefore, we offer a series of articles on corporate taxation in the United States, in which we will focus on a comparative analysis of the most common corporate structures used by businesses - C-Corp, LLC and S-Corp. In the first blog of our series, we will draw parallels and highlight the main differences between these frameworks. C-Corp C-Corp is a full-fledged legal entity that can own its own assets, receive income, and pay income taxes. A C-Corp is taxed at the company level and then at the founders' level when the profits are distributed. The company's federal income tax is 21%, plus state tax (0%-9%) and sales tax. The personal tax rate on dividends received from a corporation depends on the residency, income of the owner and the duration of ownership of the shares. One of the main advantages of a corporation is the limited liability of the founders, who are not personally liable for the company's obligations, as well as an unlimited number of shareholders, so it is excellent for activities that require the involvement of investors....

When you contact us to open an account, one of the first questions we ask you is who and where the payments will go to the account, because this is one of the key points when choosing the best options for financial partners for you. Interestingly enough, it is very important for banks (both traditional and digital) to know the name of the partner's servicing bank and the SWIFT code of the bank itself. So why is this question being given so much attention? The answer is simple: the bank, like you, is interested in an actively working account and a satisfied client. If the bank is faced with the fact that it will not be able to accept a payment to your company's account or make a payment from your account to the supplier, this will only lead to inconvenience and problems for you, and the bank risks losing not only commission income, but also the client as a whole. So, when banks are informed in advance about the "address points" of your financial flows, it allows them to build and check the availability of the necessary payment routes in advance. This is where we move to global money transfer systems. The most common are SWIFT and SEPA. Let's figure out what is the difference...

Since the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine, many millions of people were forced to leave the territory of Ukraine, businesses were forced to move and adapt to new conditions of doing business in new territories. Such a large number of IT specialists are abroad for more than 183 days, so the country of stay considers them their tax residents. Depending on the specifics of the tax legislation of each country, the place of tax payment depends on many factors. In connection with the great complexity of this issue, you and I will consider the conditions of tax residence in Ukraine and Spain, and as a result, we will determine where IT specialists still have the right to pay taxes. Tax resident of Ukraine As a general rule, the Tax Code of Ukraine recognizes a person as a tax resident as a natural person who has a place of residence in Ukraine. However, this is not the only criterion, additional criteria are (the list is not exhaustive): staying in Ukraine for at least 183 days (including the day of arrival and departure) during the period or periods of the tax year; presence of closer personal or economic ties...

Currently, many types of fraud with bank accounts (both in classic and digital banks) have been identified and explained, numerous recommendations and warnings have been issued to prevent losses from fraudsters. The vast majority of bank clients have accepted the fact that million winnings or an unrealistic amount of inheritance is a complete deception. However, the continuous progress of modern technologies, unfortunately, encourages criminals to intensify their efforts in fraudulent schemes, the goal of which is their own enrichment through the theft of money. Therefore, we would like to remind you of the key safety rules in such tools for managing your non-cash finances as Internet banking (a service for remote access to all your accounts in a financial institution) and payment cards. When you log in to Internet banking, you get to your personal account. Usually, in Internet banking, fund transfer operations are available, and for this you do not even need a computer, but a mobile phone with an installed banking program is enough. For the safe use of Internet banking, it is important to follow the following rules: 1) Minimize the use of Internet banking from a mobile phone...

The focus of today's blog is the peculiarities of tax residency conflicts, in which several countries consider a person to be their tax resident, and, accordingly, double taxation and the role of bilateral agreements in the settlement of these issues. For clarity, let's take as an example the provisions of the Cypriot legislation regarding tax residency. This is especially relevant for Ukrainians who were forced to go abroad due to the war and chose Cyprus as their country of residence. When will I become a Cyprus resident? Perhaps, for many, the concepts of "resident", "domicile" and "non-domiciled residents" are already familiar. In this block, we offer to recall them and understand how these concepts affect taxation in practice. To determine a natural person as a resident of Cyprus, two tests of length of stay are used - the 183-day test and the 60-day test. First, a person is recognized as a resident of Cyprus if he is on the territory of Cyprus for more than 183 days during a calendar year. At the same time, other criteria, for example, the center of vital interests, are not taken into account. Secondly, a person can become a resident of Cyprus if he stays in the...

Serbia amends the Law on the procedure for registering companies with the Commercial Registers Agency (AKR). The changes require the filing of applications for company registration with the AKP in electronic form. These changes in the Serbian legislation are adopted to implement the direction of the government of the digitalization of the economy and electronic services. The provision of paragraph 2 of Article 9 of the Law will enter into force in full on May 16, 2023, therefore, filing an application for registration in paper form with a certified constituent act will be prohibited. In addition to the possibility to submit documents for company registration in electronic form, there are other changes in the corporate legislation of Serbia. The right to certify a digitized document by a lawyer. New changes give the right to digitize documents and confirm the identity of the applicant when registering a company by lawyers registered in the list of lawyers of the Serbian Bar Association. The lawyer signs the application with his electronic signature (qualified electronic signature). The lawyer is obliged to keep the original document, which he digitized and submitted to the...

One of the most common grounds for issuing a residence permit in Lithuania is doing business in Lithuania. If a foreigner plans to develop his business in Lithuania and reside here, he can establish or buy an enterprise in Lithuania and develop the planned business. In case of foundation or purchase of an enterprise, a foreigner who is a participant, shareholder or member of the management body of the enterprise being created or acquired, may apply for a temporary residence permit in Lithuania, under the following conditions: A Lithuanian company has been operating for at least 6 months before applying for a residence permit in Lithuania; The authorized capital of the enterprise is not less than 28,000 euros, including 14,000 euros invested by the foreigner; The value of shares owned by a foreigner is at least 1/3 of the value of the company's shares; Citizens of Lithuania, other member states of the European Union or member states of the European Free Trade Association or foreigners permanently residing in Lithuania work in a Lithuanian company on a permanent basis, the monthly salary (of all employees) is at least 2 average monthly salaries in...